Gregory of Nazianzus and the Doctrine of Universal Salvation

 

Introduction

Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 329–390), one of the Cappadocian Fathers and a pivotal figure in early Christian theology, is renowned for his contributions to Trinitarian doctrine and Christology. While his theological legacy is well-established, scholars have debated whether Gregory espoused a form of universal salvation, or apokatastasis, the belief that all souls will ultimately be reconciled to God. This essay examines the evidence supporting the view that Gregory of Nazianzus held universalist convictions, drawing upon his writings and the broader theological context of his time.

Gregory's Theological Context and Influences

Gregory's theological milieu was shaped by his close associations with Gregory of Nyssa and Basil the Great, both of whom engaged with Origen's teachings. Origen's concept of apokatastasis posited a final restoration of all beings to a harmonious relationship with God. While Origen's views were later deemed heretical by some, his influence among the Cappadocians was unquestionable..

Evidence from Gregory's Writings

1. Oration 2.23: In this early oration, Gregory reflects on the incarnation's purpose, stating that "all became one for the sake of all," suggesting a universal scope of Christ's redemptive work. This phrasing implies that salvation is intended for all humanity, aligning with universalist thought.

2. Oration 39.19: Gregory discusses the purifying nature of divine fire, asserting that "Divine and uncompounded goodness will encompass within itself every rational creature; no single being created by God will fail to achieve the kingdom of God." This passage indicates a belief in the eventual salvation of all rational beings, a core tenet of universalism.

3. Interpretation of 1 Corinthians 15:28: Gregory interprets the passage "God will be all in all" as the culmination of a restorative process wherein all creation is transformed and united with God. He envisions a future where "we will have no room for any evil in us, but only for 'God and God alone,'" emphasizing a complete and universal reconciliation.

Comparative Analysis with Gregory of Nyssa

Gregory of Nazianzus's views bear resemblance to those of Gregory of Nyssa, who explicitly advocated for apokatastasis. Both theologians emphasized the transformative power of divine love and the ultimate restoration of all beings. While Gregory of Nazianzus may not have articulated universal salvation as systematically as his counterpart, the thematic parallels suggest a shared eschatological vision.

Counterarguments and Scholarly Debate

Some scholars argue that Gregory's statements on universal salvation are either rhetorical or reflective of hope rather than doctrinal certainty. Critics point to the lack of a comprehensive treatise on apokatastasis in his corpus. However, proponents contend that Gregory's consistent emphasis on God's all-encompassing love and the redemptive purpose of divine judgment supports a universalist interpretation.

Conclusion

While definitive conclusions about Gregory of Nazianzus's stance on universal salvation remain elusive, substantial evidence from his writings indicates an inclination toward universalist theology. His reflections on the incarnation, divine judgment, and the ultimate unity of creation with God align with the principles of apokatastasis. Further scholarly exploration of Gregory's works may yield deeper insights into his eschatological beliefs and their implications for contemporary theological discourse.

References

• Gregory of Nazianzus. Orations. Translated by Charles Gordon Browne and James Edward Swallow. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1894.

• Ramelli, Ilaria. The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis: A Critical Assessment from the New Testament to Eriugena. Brill, 2013.

• McGuckin, John Anthony. Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: An Intellectual Biography. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2001.

• Beeley, Christopher A. Gregory of Nazianzus on the Trinity and the Knowledge of God: In Your Light We Shall See Light. Oxford University Press, 2008.

• Daley, Brian E. The Hope of the Early Church: A Handbook of Patristic Eschatology. Cambridge University Press, 1991.